There's a very convenient bus almost directly from Centralny to Stodoła -
174.
You'll have to find your way from the platform to the bus station (it may not be easy, but there are helpful signs here and there; you should probably look for the general direction, Mokotów).
You enter the bus at the stop "Dw. centralny" and get off at the 3rd stop, "Biblioteka narodowa" - it's a REQUEST STOP, mind you. In case you forget to press the button to make the bus stop, you can still get off at the next one - Metro Pole Mokotowskie.
There is a subway station nearby, and you can take it as well, but the closest station from/to Dworzec Centralny is Centrum (but you can simply walk the distance or take a tram - one stop).
Tickets - I recommend 20 minutes ticket. - it is the cheapest one and will be sufficient to move around. 2 PLN normal, 1 PLN for students.
As far as eat/drink places are concerned, I still have little knowledge. There is one pub close enough, but I don't know if it's any good.
Hostels:
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Tamka Hostel. It is on Tamka street; you can get there directly using 174 bus again (7th stop).
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Zielone Mazowsze. On ul. Nowogrodzka 46. It's in the city centre, so commuting will be easy (subway from stodoła, tram to train station), but it may be all full. You'll have to call or mail them.
There are probably others, but I have no experience in organizing trips and finding hostels, so there are probably some better and cheaper ones in the vicinity, but I don't know about them. The ones I found are too expensive imo.
I include a little map. It's not much from my part, but if I have a few hours free later on, I'll try to add some info.
